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Beyond Self-Knowledge: Propagating Uncertainty Across Reasoning and Retrieval in LLMs
超越自我认知:在 LLM 推理与检索间传播不确定性
arXiv:2607.25600 RAG 检索增强 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

BeyondUncertainty 首先引出结构化的临时答案与置信度估计,然后应用在 held-out 验证数据上选定并在测试评估前冻结的模型特定阈值,揭示了更具选择性的证据获取与端到端 token 效率之间的权衡。BeyondUncertainty first elicits a structured provisional answer and confidence estimate, then applies a model-specific threshold selected on held-out validation data and frozen before test evaluation, revealing a trade-off between more selective evidence acquisition and end-to-end token efficiency.

CodeNib: A Multi-View Data System for Serving Repository Context to Coding Agents
CodeNib:面向编码 Agent 的多视图仓库上下文服务数据系统
arXiv:2607.25431 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

这些结果共同支持多视角的仓库上下文服务,在仓库上下文全生命周期中提供显式的、面向操作的有效性边界以及质量-成本前沿。Together, these results support multi-view repository-context serving with explicit, operation-specific validity boundaries with quality-cost frontiers across the repository-context lifecycle.

Parallel Decoding Distillation for Fast Image and Video Generation
并行解码蒸馏:面向快速图像与视频生成
arXiv:2607.26004 多模态 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

介绍 Parallel Decoding Distillation,一种简化且可扩展的基于轨迹的蒸馏方法,用于 diffusion 和 flow matching 模型的快速推理,并显著提升生成视频的多样性。Parallel Decoding Distillation is introduced, a simplified and scalable trajectory-based distillation method for fast inference of diffusion and flow matching models and presents a significant improvement in generated video diversity.

VisualPatchWorld: Code World Models as Latent Structured Representations for Planning
VisualPatchWorld:作为潜在结构化表示的代码世界模型用于规划
arXiv:2607.25236 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

介绍 VisualPatchWorld,将世界动态表示为代码,先通过短时主动探查选择定性动力学形式,再通过最小化多步预测误差,从记录的状态-动作轨迹中拟合该形式的自由参数。VisualPatchWorld is introduced, which represents world dynamics as code and first selects a qualitative dynamical form with short active probes, then fits that form's free parameters from recorded state-action traces by minimizing multi-step prediction error.

Temporal-Distance JEPA: Plan-Aware Representation Learning for Latent World Model Predictive Control
时序距离 JEPA:面向潜在世界模型预测控制的规划感知表示学习
arXiv:2607.25337 RAG 检索增强 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

Temporal-Distance-JEPA 通过发现离线日志中的时间进展结构,并将代价形式与规划时部署协同设计,缩小了 JEPA world-model 规划器的训练-规划差距。Temporal-Distance-JEPA narrows the train--plan gap for JEPA world-model planners by discovering temporal progress structure in offline logs and co-designing cost form with plan-time deployment.

Vision Mamba: Efficient Visual Representation Learning with Bidirectional State Space Model
Vision Mamba:基于双向状态空间模型的高效视觉表示学习
arXiv:2401.09417 多模态 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 2083 · S2

本文提出基于双向 Mamba 块(Vim)的通用视觉 backbone,通过位置嵌入标记图像序列,并利用双向 state space model 压缩视觉表征,具有成为下一代视觉基础模型 backbone 的巨大潜力。This paper proposes a new generic vision backbone with bidirectional Mamba blocks (Vim), which marks the image sequences with position embeddings and compresses the visual representation with bidirectional state space models and has great potential to be the next-generation backbone for vision foundation models.

PaLM-E: An Embodied Multimodal Language Model
PaLM-E:一种具身多模态语言模型
arXiv:2303.03378 多模态 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 3032 · S2

本文提出 embodied language model,将真实世界连续传感器模态直接融入语言模型,从而建立词语与感知之间的联系,实现真实世界中的通用推理。This work proposes embodied language models to directly incorporate real-world continuous sensor modalities into language models and thereby establish the link between words and percepts to enable general inference in the real world.

SimVLM: Simple Visual Language Model Pretraining with Weak Supervision
SimVLM:基于弱监督的简单视觉语言模型预训练
arXiv:2108.10904 多模态 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 970 · S2

本文提出极简的预训练框架 SimVLM,在广泛的判别式与生成式视觉-语言基准上显著超越既往预训练方法并取得新 SOTA,包括 VQA、NLVR2 以及图像描述任务。This work presents a minimalist pretraining framework, named SimVLM, which significantly outperforms previous pretraining methods and achieves new state-of-the-art results on a wide range of discriminative and generative vision-language benchmarks, including VQA, NLVR2, and image captioning tasks.

How Fast Can Reward Models Score? A Systems Study of C++ and PyTorch Inference Runtimes for RLHF
奖励模型能跑多快?RLHF 中 C++ 与 PyTorch 推理运行时的系统研究
arXiv:2607.19712 LLM 基础设施 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

基于 ONNX Runtime 的原生 C++ 推理引擎击败了所有 baseline,置信区间甚至不重叠;batch 策略的影响比语言或运行时的选择更关键,超出作者预期。A native C++ inference engine on ONNX Runtime that beat every baseline, confidence intervals didn't even overlap, and batching strategy mattered more than either the language or the runtime choice, more than the authors expected.

Metis: Memory Foundation Model
Metis: 记忆基础模型
arXiv:2607.26760 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 1 · S2

本文提出 Metis,首个 memory foundation model 原型,赋予 foundation model 原生记忆能力,并表明原生记忆在架构、端到端优化和效率方面具有优势。This paper proposes Metis, the first prototype of memory foundation models, which empower foundation models with native memory capabilities and shows that native memory offers advantages in architecture, end-to-end optimization, and efficiency.

SkillRise: Agentic Reinforcement Learning for Cross-Task Skill Evolution
SkillRise: 面向跨任务技能演化的 Agentic 强化学习
arXiv:2607.26784 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 1 · S2

跨任务的测试时扩展实验表明,SkillRise 跨任务复用可迁移的 skill,而非受益于对同一任务的重复采样,在保持强性能的同时显著降低多阶段 skill 学习流水线的运行时开销。Scaling at test time across tasks suggests that SkillRise reuses transferable skills across tasks rather than benefiting from repeated sampling of the same task, and retains strong performance while substantially reducing the runtime overhead of skill learning pipelines with multiple stages.

DecoEvo: Score-Decoupled Co-Evolution of Solver and Rubric-Generator Skills in Text Space
DecoEvo: 文本空间中 Solver 与 Rubric 生成器技能的分数解耦协同演化
arXiv:2607.25675 评测基准 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 2 · S2

介绍 DecoEvo(Decoupled Co-Evolution),在解耦目标下协同进化一个求解器 skill 和一个 rubric 生成器 skill,优化过程中不使用 gold rubric。DecoEvo (Decoupled Co-Evolution), which co-evolves a solver skill and a rubric-generator skill under decoupled objectives without using gold rubrics during optimization, is introduced.

CAST: Game Solvers as Turn-Level Teachers for LLM Agents
CAST: 以博弈求解器作为 LLM Agent 的回合级教师
arXiv:2607.25308 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

提出 CAST(Credit Assignment from Solver Teachers),将游戏求解器状态价值的变化转换为求解器优势,并将其作为 turn 级信号注入 RLVR,在 ALFWorld 和 WebShop 上取得最高的平均 zero-shot 性能。CAST (Credit Assignment from Solver Teachers), which converts value changes in a game solver's state value into solver advantages and injects them into RLVR as turn-level signals and achieves the highest average zero-shot performance on ALFWorld and WebShop.

CoRT: Counterfactual Replay for Token-Level Rubric-Guided Policy Optimization
CoRT: 用于 token 级 rubric 引导策略优化的反事实回放
arXiv:2607.25659 评测基准 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

本文提出 CoRT,一种用于 rubric 条件化 GRPO 的 token 级 credit 加权方法,通过反事实回放在原始 rubric 条件化 prompt 和匹配的免准则 prompt 下对同一样本响应重新打分,并表明策略内部反事实似然对比为响应内 credit 分配提供了有效的训练信号。CoRT is proposed, a token-level credit weighting method for rubric-conditioned GRPO that uses counterfactual replay to rescore the same sampled response under the original rubric-conditioned prompt and a matched criteria-free prompt, and suggests that policy-internal counterfactual likelihood contrasts provide an effective training signal for within-response credit allocation.

Grading the Narrators: An Isnad-Rijal Framework for Claim-Level Provenance in Multi-Agent Knowledge Systems
为叙述者评级:多 Agent 知识系统中面向声明级溯源的 Isnad-Rijal 框架
arXiv:2607.24117 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

本文贡献包括:圣训学概念到多 agent 流水线的形式化映射、实现 claim 链和分级 narrator 注册表的关系模式、结合链等级与内容批评的决策矩阵,以及对真实物理教材中 20,000 条 claim 的评估。A formal mapping from hadith-science concepts to multi-agent pipelines, a relational schema implementing claim chains and a graded narrator registry, a decision matrix combining chain grade with content criticism, and an evaluation on 20,000 claims from real physics textbooks are contributed.

A Graph-Native Bitemporal Memory Store for Conversational AI Agents
面向对话式 AI Agent 的图原生双时态记忆存储
arXiv:2607.26520 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

描述一个 memory store:agent 本地的 Neo4j 属性图,增强 HNSW 向量索引,并采用完整的双时态数据模型,支持时间点语义检索而无需物理覆盖历史。A memory store is described: an agent-local Neo4j property graph augmented with HNSW vector indexes and a full bitemporal data model that supports point-in-time semantic retrieval without physically overwriting history.

MindForge: Teaching Small Language Models Whole-Life-Cycle Software Engineering via Source-Free Program Synthesis
MindForge: 通过无源程序合成教授小型语言模型全生命周期软件工程
arXiv:2607.27146 Agent 智能体 方法 被引 0 · S2

提出 MindForge,一个自动化 pipeline,将开源命令行程序转换为无源码环境(仅暴露编译后的可执行参考文件和文档),在全部 7 个未见软件工程 benchmark(涵盖长链路仓库生成与翻译)上一致优于基座模型。MindForge is introduced, an automated pipeline that converts open-source command-line programs into source-free environments that expose only a compiled reference executable and its documentation that consistently improves over the base model across all seven unseen software engineering benchmarks, spanning long-horizon repository generation and translation.

Voice Memory for Agentic Speech Recognition
Voice Memory:面向 Agentic 语音识别
arXiv:2607.26410 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

Voice Memory,一个面向 agentic 语音识别的纯推理方案:流式推理时,冻结 corrector 读取单一 per-domain memory,逐 utterance 决定是否作用于假设或弃权并保留 1-best,跨 corrector 族可迁移,推理路径不增加任何参数。Voice Memory, a inference-only scheme for agentic speech recognition: at stream time, a frozen corrector reads a single per-domain memory and decides per utterance whether to act on the hypothesis or abstain and keep the 1-best, and transfers across corrector families and adds zero parameters to the inference path.

πR^2: Reactive Real-time Flow Policies
πR^2:反应式实时流策略
arXiv:2607.26055 工程化 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

提出 pi-r2-flow,使 action-chunking flow 策略具备实时响应能力,同时保留大型 backbone、表达力强的多模态策略与多动作预测能力,并给出延迟自适应 flow 调度,将 in-flight 动作作为 inpainting 条件,每次调用仅需一步去噪即可输出动作。This work presentspi-r2-flow, which makes action-chunking flow policies reactive and real-time while retaining large backbones, expressive multi-modal policies, and multi-action prediction, and a latency-adaptive flow schedule that treats in-flight actions as inpainting conditioning and emits actions in one denoising step per call.

CADENCE: Closing the Reasoning Gap via Coverage-Adaptive On-Policy Distillation
CADENCE:通过 Coverage-Adaptive On-Policy 蒸馏弥合推理差距
arXiv:2607.16955 LLM 基础设施 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

提出 CADENCE,一个统一框架,对每种叠加式失败模式给出针对性修复,证明通过原则化的蒸馏即可在不依赖数据中心级硬件的条件下获得强推理质量。CADENCE, a unified framework with a targeted fix for each compounding failure modes, is presented, showing principled distillation reaches strong reasoning quality without datacenter-scale hardware.

DualG-MRAG: Decoupling Macro-Reasoning and Micro-Matching for Multimodal Retrieval-Augmented Generation
DualG-MRAG:面向多模态 RAG 的宏观推理与微观匹配解耦
arXiv:2607.28580 RAG 检索增强 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

提出 DualG-MRAG,一种面向多模态 RAG 的双层框架,解耦 Macro-reasoning 与 Micro-matching Graph 两类图结构,通过分离全局结构推理与细粒度证据匹配来抑制检索噪声,并引入动态规划解码机制,从 GNN 前向过程中直接提取显式推理路径。DualG-MRAG is proposed, a Dual-tier framework that introduces a decoupled architecture comprising Macro-reasoning and Micro-matching Graphs for Multimodal RAG to suppress retrieval noise by isolating global structural reasoning from fine-grained evidence matching, and introduces a dynamic programming decoding mechanism that extracts explicit reasoning paths directly from the GNN's forward pass.

GLM-RAG: Graph Language Models for Graph-Based Retrieval-Augmented Generation
GLM-RAG:面向图基 RAG 的图语言模型
arXiv:2607.28397 RAG 检索增强 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

引入一个基于 GLM 的 retriever,并在单跳与多跳 RAG 场景下对比分析 GLM-based、GNN-based 与传统向量检索 retriever 的相对优势,指出微调后的 GLM retriever 具有更好的跨域泛化能力。This work introduces a GLM-based retriever and investigates the comparative strengths of GLM-based, GNN-based, and traditional vector-search-based retrievers in single- and multi-hop RAG settings, and suggests that finetuned GLM retrievers generalize better out of domain.

ConMem: Contribution-Aware Memory for Long-Horizon Manufacturing Inspection Logs
ConMem:面向长周期制造巡检日志的贡献感知记忆
arXiv:2607.28126 RAG 检索增强 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

提出 ConMem,一个面向 LLM 辅助设备巡检的贡献感知 memory 框架,支持人在环的早期风险筛查,并在受限 memory 预算下保留高价值证据。This work proposes ConMem, a contribution-aware memory framework for LLM-assisted equipment inspection, supporting a human-in-the-loop early-risk screening system and retaining high-value evidence under a constrained memory budget.

OptGraph: Large Language Models Enhanced Evolutionary Optimization Via Graph Retrieval-Augmented Generation
OptGraph:通过图 RAG 增强的大语言模型进化优化
arXiv:2607.27918 RAG 检索增强 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 1 · S2

OptGraph 是首个引入 GraphRAG 的优化 agentic workflow,首次将可复用经验构建为类型化 graph,刻画建模模式、问题形式化、实现细节与错误修正之间的关系。OptGraph is the first optimization agentic workflow that introduces graph retrieval-augmented generation (GraphRAG) and first constructs reusable experience as a typed graph, capturing the relationships among modeling patterns, problem formalization, implementation details, and error corrections.

Understanding Is Done Early: A Depth Division of Labor in Large Language Models and Its Use for Unbounded-Context Memory
理解在前部完成:大语言模型中的深度分工及其在无界上下文记忆中的应用
arXiv:2607.28263 多模态 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

结果表明,长上下文 memory 可沿 layer 轴(而非仅沿 token 轴)进行组织,并揭示了有界检索的优势及其在窗口内的压缩代价。These results show that long-context memory can be organized along the layer axis, not only the token axis, and expose both the benefits of bounded retrieval and its in-window compression tax.

LEDGERMIND: Provenance-Constrained Multimodal Agentic Reasoning with a Structured Evidence Ledger
LEDGERMIND:基于结构化证据账本的可溯源约束多模态 Agent 推理
arXiv:2607.28374 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

提出 LedgerMind,配套三层 Grounding Protocol、一个按问题复杂度匹配推理深度的 Adaptive Dual-Path Dispatcher,以及一个具备形式化 provenance 非放大保证的事件触发验证与修复引擎,同时提升答案准确率与轨迹级忠实度。LedgerMind is introduced, augmented by a Three-Layer Grounding Protocol, an Adaptive Dual-Path Dispatcher that matches reasoning depth to question complexity, and an Event-Triggered Verification-and-Repair engine with a formal provenance non-amplification guarantee that improves both answer accuracy and trajectory-level faithfulness.

Revisiting Lossy Verification in Speculative Decoding: Mechanisms, Trade-offs, and Failure Modes
重思 Speculative Decoding 中的有损验证:机制、权衡与失败模式
arXiv:2607.26627 LLM 基础设施 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

对有损验证方法所诱导的分布进行原则化分析,揭示一项根本缺陷:由于分布失真,其性能可能相对于真实截断采样基线显著退化。This work presents a principled analysis of the distributions induced by lossy verification methods, and identifies a fundamental pitfall: performance can degrade significantly compared to the true truncation sampling baseline due to distributional distortion.

ShadowDancer: Teaching Video World Models Any Action by Learning Unified Dynamics Representations from a Video and Its Shadow
ShadowDancer: 通过从视频及其阴影中学习统一动力学表示来教视频世界模型执行任意动作
arXiv:2607.28362 多模态 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

ShadowDancer 引入 shadow pair,即在同一动力学下对外观做独立重采样的成对视频,并由 Shadow Library 大规模构建;一个 dynamics family 可控,当且仅当能为其构造出这样的 pair。ShadowDancer introduces shadow pairs, video pairs that replay the same dynamics under independently resampled appearance, constructed at scale by the Shadow Library, so that a dynamics family becomes controllable exactly when such pairs can be constructed for it.

Σ-Mem: An Online Reliability Memory for LLM-based Multi-Agent Systems
Σ-Mem:基于 LLM 的多智能体系统的在线可靠性记忆
arXiv:2607.27958 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

记忆是长时程 LLM 智能体的核心,但现有记忆系统主要保存交互内容,而未建模哪些智能体在何种条件下可信。这一局限在多智能体系统中尤为关键,因为中心模型可能无法直接验证来自对等方、看似合理或相关的响应。我们提出 Σ-Mem,一种在线可靠性记忆,记录单个对等方的历史能力证据以及跨对等集的对等关系证据。两种证据均以实对称状态形式维护,并基于后Memory is central to long-horizon LLM agents, yet existing memory systems primarily preserve interaction content rather than modeling which agents can be trusted and under what conditions. This limitation is particularly important in multi-agent systems, where a central model may be unable to directly verify plausible or correlated peer responses. We introduce Σ-Mem, an online reliability memory that records historical competence evidence for individual peers and peer relationship evidence across the peer set. Both forms of evidence are maintained as real symmetric states and updated from post

Fairness Pruning: Locating Demographic Bias in GLU-MLP Layers via Differential Activations
Fairness Pruning:通过差异激活定位 GLU-MLP 层中的人口统计偏差
arXiv:2607.28319 评测基准 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

对 Fairness Pruning 的实证评估表明,群体偏置处理与模型能力运行在可分离的电路上,奠定了从盲目零化向定向行为调制过渡的方法论基础。Empirical evaluation of Fairness Pruning empirically confirm that demographic bias processing and model capabilities operate on dissociable circuits, establishing the methodological foundations for transitioning from blind zeroing toward directional behavior modulation.

Is Deep Research Reliable? Misleading Knowledge Induces False Conclusions
Deep Research 可靠吗?误导性知识会诱发错误结论
arXiv:2607.20891 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 1 · S2

提出 MisKnow-Agent,一个受控评测框架,通过可控的权威线索与来源风格构造支撑人工审核结论的任务文档,并采用报告级 false-conclusion 采纳率(仅统计认可错误结论的报告),基于三种 backbone LLM 评估 DeerFlow 与 WebThinker。MisKnow-Agent is introduced, a controlled evaluation framework that constructs task-specific documents supporting manually audited false conclusions with controlled authority cues and source styles that evaluates DeerFlow and WebThinker with three backbone LLMs using a report-level false-conclusion adoption rate that counts only reports endorsing the false conclusion.

OmniScope: Modality-Decoupled Token Compression for Omnimodal Large Language Models
OmniScope:面向全模态大语言模型的模态解耦 token 压缩
arXiv:2607.23193 多模态 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

提出 OmniScope,一个无需训练的 token 压缩框架,以 query 作为跨模态共享的语义锚点,并对音频与视频分别估计相关性;由此给出 OmniLLM 推理的简单设计原则:跨模态共享 query,但不共享显著性估计。This work proposes OmniScope, a training-free token compression framework that uses the query as a shared semantic anchor while estimating relevance separately for audio and video, and suggests a simple design principle for OmniLLM inference: share the query across modalities, but not the salience estimates.

EasyBCI Agent: Towards Universal Neural Data Preprocessing for Brain-Computer Interfaces
EasyBCI Agent: Towards Universal Neural Data Preprocessing for Brain-Computer Interfaces
arXiv:2607.29007 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

研究表明,领域特定的 orchestration 可使缺乏专业团队的实验室也能实现可审计的预处理,并为其他科学领域的 AI agent 提供了可借鉴的设计原则。The results indicate that domain-specific orchestration can bring auditable preprocessing within reach of laboratories lacking dedicated expertise, illustrating design principles applicable to AI agents in other scientific domains.

Memory Provenance Laundering in LLM Agents: A Non-Amplification Firewall for Persistent Memory
LLM Agent 中的记忆来源漂白:一种针对持久记忆的非放大防火墙
arXiv:2607.29167 Agent 智能体 方法 OA · 绿色 被引 0 · S2 + OpenAlex

本工作识别出记忆溯源洗白现象:基于LLM的记忆整合过程中,外部观察可能被改写为看似用户历史或工作流支持的内容,在保留动作触发的同时,抹去本应限制其权威性的低可信度来源。This work identifies memory provenance laundering: during LLM-based memory consolidation, an external observation may be rewritten as apparent user history or workflow support, preserving an action trigger while erasing the low-trust source that should limit its authority.

Bridging the Question-Answer Gap in Retrieval-Augmented Generation: Hypothetical Prompt Embeddings
弥合 RAG 中的问答差距:假设提示嵌入
arXiv:2607.29402 RAG 检索增强 方法 被引 7 · S2

提出Hypothetical Prompt Embeddings (HyPE),将假设内容的生成从查询阶段前移到索引阶段,把检索转化为问题-问题匹配任务,无需运行时合成答案生成。This work proposes Hypothetical Prompt Embeddings (HyPE), a framework that shifts the generation of hypothetical content from query time to the indexing phase, and transforms retrieval into a question-question matching task, bypassing the need for runtime synthetic answer generation.

Scaling Properties of Text Conditioning in Visual Generation
文本条件在视觉生成中的缩放特性
arXiv:2607.29679 多模态 方法 被引 1 · S2

研究发现收敛后的扩散损失与提示中结构化语言量成比例关系,并采用两个互补度量:白盒似然指标(GPG)与黑盒属性指标(ED)。Surprisingly, it is found that the converged diffusion loss scales with the amount of structured language in the prompt, and two complementary measures are adapted: a white-box likelihood metric (GPG) and a black-box attribute metric (ED).